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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

REFERENCES ZOLL PM, LINENTHAL AJ, GIBSON W, et al. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock. N Engl J Med 1956; 254:727. LOWN B, AMARASINGHAM R, NEUMAN J. New method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias. Use of synchronized capacitor discharge. JAMA 1962; 182:548. ALEXANDER S, KLEIGER R, LOWN B. Use of external electric countershock in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. JAMA 1961; 177:916. Zoll PM, Linentha AJ. Termination of refractory tachycardia by external countershock. Circulation 1962; 25:596. PAUL MH, MILLER RA. External electrical termination of supraventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1962; 25:604. Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG, et al. Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation 1988; 77:1038. Lerman BB, Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, et al. Relationship between canine transthoracic impedance and defibrillation threshold. Evidence for current-based defibrillation. J Clin Invest 1987; 80:797. Kerber RE, Jensen SR, Gascho JA, et al. Determinants of defibrillation: prospective analysis of 183 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983; 52:739. Lerman BB, DiMarco JP, Haines DE. Current-based versus energy-based ventricular defibrillation: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12:1259. Plonsey R, Barr RC. Effect of microscopic and macroscopic discontinuities on the response of cardiac tissue to defibrillating (stimulating) currents. Med Biol Eng Comput 1986; 24:130. Mower MM, Mirowski M, Spear JF, Moore EN. Patterns of ventricular activity during catheter defibrillation. Circulation 1974; 49:858. Witkowski FX, Penkoske PA, Plonsey R. Mechanism of cardiac defibrillation in open-chest dogs with unipolar DC-coupled simultaneous activation and shock potential recordings. Circulation 1990; 82:244. Chen PS, Shibata N, Dixon EG, et al. Activation during ventricular defibrillation in open-chest dogs. Evidence of complete cessation and regeneration of ventricular fibrillation after unsuccessful shocks. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:810. Zipes DP, Fischer J, King RM, et al. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium. Am J Cardiol 1975; 36:37. Chen PS, Wolf PD, Ideker RE. Mechanism of cardiac defibrillation. A different point of view. Circulation 1991; 84:913.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

Chen PS, Shibata N, Dixon EG, et al. Activation during ventricular defibrillation in open-chest dogs. Evidence of complete cessation and regeneration of ventricular fibrillation after unsuccessful shocks. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:810. Zipes DP, Fischer J, King RM, et al. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium. Am J Cardiol 1975; 36:37. Chen PS, Wolf PD, Ideker RE. Mechanism of cardiac defibrillation. A different point of view. Circulation 1991; 84:913. Witkowski FX, Kerber RE. Currently known mechanisms underlying direct current external and internal cardiac defibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1991; 2:562. Chen PS, Shibata N, Dixon EG, et al. Comparison of the defibrillation threshold and the upper limit of ventricular vulnerability. Circulation 1986; 73:1022. Chen PS, Wolf PD, Melnick SD, et al. Comparison of activation during ventricular fibrillation and following unsuccessful defibrillation shocks in open-chest dogs. Circ Res 1990; 66:1544. Huang J, KenKnight BH, Walcott GP, et al. Effects of transvenous electrode polarity and waveform duration on the relationship between defibrillation threshold and upper limit of vulnerability. Circulation 1997; 96:1351. Sweeney RJ, Gill RM, Steinberg MI, Reid PR. Ventricular refractory period extension caused by defibrillation shocks. Circulation 1990; 82:965. Zhou XH, Knisley SB, Wolf PD, et al. Prolongation of repolarization time by electric field stimulation with monophasic and biphasic shocks in open-chest dogs. Circ Res 1991; 68:1761. Moubarak JB, Karasik PE, Fletcher RD, Franz MR. High dispersion of ventricular repolarization after an implantable defibrillator shock predicts induction of ventricular fibrillation as well as unsuccessful defibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:422. LOWN B, KLEIGER R, WOLFF G. THE TECHNIQUE OF CARDIOVERSION. Am Heart J 1964; 67:282. Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, et al. External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 1999; 82:726. Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P, et al. Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360:1275. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Electrode positioning for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2002; 360:1263.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, et al. External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 1999; 82:726. Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P, et al. Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360:1275. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Electrode positioning for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2002; 360:1263. Kerber RE, Jensen SR, Grayzel J, et al. Elective cardioversion: influence of paddle-electrode location and size on success rates and energy requirements. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:658. Mathew TP, Moore A, McIntyre M, et al. Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart 1999; 81:576. Walsh SJ, McCarty D, McClelland AJ, et al. Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1298. Thomas ED, Ewy GA, Dahl CF, Ewy MD. Effectiveness of direct current defibrillation: role of paddle electrode size. Am Heart J 1977; 93:463. Ewy GA, Horan WJ. Effectiveness of direct current defibrillation: role of paddle electrode size: II. Am Heart J 1977; 93:674. Dalzell GW, Cunningham SR, Anderson J, Adgey AA. Electrode pad size, transthoracic impedance and success of external ventricular defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64:741. Kugelberg J. The interelectrode electrical resistance at defibrillation. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972; 6:274. Ewy GA, Taren D. Impedance to transthoracic direct current discharge: a model for testing interface material. Med Instrum 1978; 12:47. Dahl CF, Ewy GA, Warner ED, Thomas ED. Myocardial necrosis from direct current countershock. Effect of paddle electrode size and time interval between discharges. Circulation 1974; 50:956. Hoyt R, Grayzel J, Kerber RE. Determinants of intracardiac current in defibrillation. Experimental studies in dogs. Circulation 1981; 64:818. Kirchhof P, Mönnig G, Wasmer K, et al. A trial of self-adhesive patch electrodes and hand-held paddle electrodes for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (MOBIPAPA). Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1292. Schuder JC, McDaniel WC, Stoeckle H. Defibrillation of 100 kg calves with asymmetrical, bidirectional, rectangular pulses. Cardiovasc Res 1984; 18:419.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

Kirchhof P, Mönnig G, Wasmer K, et al. A trial of self-adhesive patch electrodes and hand-held paddle electrodes for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (MOBIPAPA). Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1292. Schuder JC, McDaniel WC, Stoeckle H. Defibrillation of 100 kg calves with asymmetrical, bidirectional, rectangular pulses. Cardiovasc Res 1984; 18:419. Walcott GP, Melnick SB, Chapman FW, et al. Relative efficacy of monophasic and biphasic waveforms for transthoracic defibrillation after short and long durations of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 1998; 98:2210. Leng CT, Paradis NA, Calkins H, et al. Resuscitation after prolonged ventricular fibrillation with use of monophasic and biphasic waveform pulses for external defibrillation. Circulation 2000; 101:2968. Jones JL, Jones RE. Improved defibrillator waveform safety factor with biphasic waveforms. Am J Physiol 1983; 245:H60. Niemann JT, Burian D, Garner D, Lewis RJ. Monophasic versus biphasic transthoracic countershock after prolonged ventricular fibrillation in a swine model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:932. Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H, et al. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators. Circulation 2000; 102:1780. Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM, et al. Comparison of a novel rectilinear biphasic waveform with a damped sine wave monophasic waveform for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation. ZOLL Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1595. Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM, et al. Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 2000; 101:1282. Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK, et al. Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1956. Niebauer MJ, Brewer JE, Chung MK, Tchou PJ. Comparison of the rectilinear biphasic waveform with the monophasic damped sine waveform for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:1495.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK, et al. Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1956. Niebauer MJ, Brewer JE, Chung MK, Tchou PJ. Comparison of the rectilinear biphasic waveform with the monophasic damped sine waveform for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:1495. Morrison LJ, Dorian P, Long J, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest rectilinear biphasic to monophasic damped sine defibrillation waveforms with advanced life support intervention trial (ORBIT). Resuscitation 2005; 66:149. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, et al. Transthoracic incremental monophasic versus biphasic defibrillation by emergency responders (TIMBER): a randomized comparison of monophasic with biphasic waveform ascending energy defibrillation for the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2006; 114:2010. Mortensen K, Risius T, Schwemer TF, et al. Biphasic versus monophasic shock for external cardioversion of atrial flutter: a prospective, randomized trial. Cardiology 2008; 111:57. Niebauer MJ, Chung MK, Brewer JE, Tchou PJ. Reduced cardioversion thresholds for atrial fibrillation and flutter using the rectilinear biphasic waveform. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2005; 13:145. Stiell IG, Walker RG, Nesbitt LP, et al. BIPHASIC Trial: a randomized comparison of fixed lower versus escalating higher energy levels for defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007; 115:1511. Deale OC, Lerman BB. Intrathoracic current flow during transthoracic defibrillation in dogs. Transcardiac current fraction. Circ Res 1990; 67:1405. Dahl CF, Ewy GA, Ewy MD, Thomas ED. Transthoracic impedance to direct current discharge: effect of repeated countershocks. Med Instrum 1976; 10:151. Geddes LA, Tacker WA, Cabler P, et al. The decrease in transthoracic impedance during successive ventricular defibrillation trials. Med Instrum 1975; 9:179. Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Hoyt R, et al. Transthoracic resistance in human defibrillation. Influence of body weight, chest size, serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure. Circulation 1981; 63:676.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

Geddes LA, Tacker WA, Cabler P, et al. The decrease in transthoracic impedance during successive ventricular defibrillation trials. Med Instrum 1975; 9:179. Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Hoyt R, et al. Transthoracic resistance in human defibrillation. Influence of body weight, chest size, serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure. Circulation 1981; 63:676. Fumagalli S, Tarantini F, Caldi F, et al. Multiple shocks affect thoracic electrical impedance during external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009; 32:371. Sirna SJ, Kieso RA, Fox-Eastham KJ, et al. Mechanisms responsible for decline in transthoracic impedance after DC shocks. Am J Physiol 1989; 257:H1180. Kerber RE, Vance S, Schomer SJ, et al. Transthoracic defibrillation: effect of sternotomy on chest impedance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20:94. Ewy GA, Hellman DA, McClung S, Taren D. Influence of ventilation phase on transthoracic impedance and defibrillation effectiveness. Crit Care Med 1980; 8:164. Ewy GA, Taren D. Comparison of paddle electrode pastes used for defibrillation. Heart Lung 1977; 6:847. Crampton R. Accepted, controversial, and speculative aspects of ventricular defibrillation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1980; 23:167. Gascho JA, Crampton RS, Cherwek ML, et al. Determinants of ventricular defibrillation in adults. Circulation 1979; 60:231. Link MS, Atkins DL, Passman RS, et al. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122:S706. Winkle RA, Stinson EB, Bach SM Jr, et al. Measurement of cardioversion/defibrillation thresholds in man by a truncated exponential waveform and an apical patch-superior vena caval spring electrode configuration. Circulation 1984; 69:766. Kienzle MG, Miller J, Falcone RA, et al. Intraoperative endocardial mapping during sinus rhythm: relationship to site of origin of ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1984; 70:957. Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B, et al. Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 1992; 85:158.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f17_35_17977

Kienzle MG, Miller J, Falcone RA, et al. Intraoperative endocardial mapping during sinus rhythm: relationship to site of origin of ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1984; 70:957. Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B, et al. Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 1992; 85:158. Windecker S, Ideker RE, Plumb VJ, et al. The influence of ventricular fibrillation duration on defibrillation efficacy using biphasic waveforms in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:33. Dalzell GW, Adgey AA. Determinants of successful transthoracic defibrillation and outcome in ventricular fibrillation. Br Heart J 1991; 65:311. Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Effect of duration of ventricular fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy in humans. Circulation 1990; 81:1477. Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP. Ventricular defibrillation -- a comparative trial using 175-J and 320-J shocks. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:1101. Ricard P, Lévy S, Trigano J, et al. Prospective assessment of the minimum energy needed for external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:815. Lown B. Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias. Br Heart J 1967; 29:469. Topic 975 Version 8.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1104-60.18.131.125-4DC6258CCE-S244013.14]