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Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C, et al. Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29:748. Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ, et al. Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45:396. Pertoldi F, D'Orlando L, Mercante WP. Electromechanical dissociation 48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31:777. Avery GJ 2nd, Spotnitz HM, Rose EA, et al. Pharmacologic antagonism of beta-adrenergic blockade in dogs. I. Hemodynamic effects of isoproterenol, dopamine, and epinephrine in acute propranolol administration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77:267. Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK. The use of high-dose insulin-glucose euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol 2009; 5:139. Burns MJ, Linden CH. Insulin for beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30:711. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, et al. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:1. Jovic-Stosic J, Gligic B, Putic V, et al. Severe propranolol and ethanol overdose with wide complex tachycardia treated with intravenous lipid emulsion: a case report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:426. Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM, et al. Intentional overdose with cardiac arrest treated with intravenous fat emulsion and high-dose insulin. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:227. Kollef MH. Labetalol overdose successfully treated with amrinone and alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists. Chest 1994; 105:626. Hoeper MM, Boeker KH. Overdose of metoprolol treated with enoximone. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1538. Donovan KD, Gerace RV, Dreyer JF. Acebutolol-induced ventricular tachycardia reversed with sodium bicarbonate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:481. Shanker UR, Webb J, Kotze A. Sodium bicarbonate to treat massive beta blocker overdose. Emerg Med J 2003; 20:393. Snook CP, Sigvaldason K, Kristinsson J. Severe atenolol and diltiazem overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:661. Hurwitz MD, Kallenbach JM, Pincus PS. Massive propranolol overdose. Am J Med 1986; 81:1118. Kulling P, Eleborg L, Persson H. Beta-adrenoceptor blocker intoxication: epidemiological data. Prenalterol as an alternative in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2:175.
Snook CP, Sigvaldason K, Kristinsson J. Severe atenolol and diltiazem overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:661. Hurwitz MD, Kallenbach JM, Pincus PS. Massive propranolol overdose. Am J Med 1986; 81:1118. Kulling P, Eleborg L, Persson H. Beta-adrenoceptor blocker intoxication: epidemiological data. Prenalterol as an alternative in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2:175. Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR. Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:1381. Frierson J, Bailly D, Shultz T, et al. Refractory cardiogenic shock and complete heart block after unsuspected verapamil-SR and atenolol overdose. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14:933. DeLima LG, Kharasch ED, Butler S. Successful pharmacologic treatment of massive atenolol overdose: sequential hemodynamics and plasma atenolol concentrations. Anesthesiology 1995; 83:204. Love JN, Howell JM, Klein-Schwartz W, Litovitz TL. Lack of toxicity from pediatric beta-blocker exposures. Hum Exp Toxicol 2006; 25:341. Belson MG, Sullivan K, Geller RJ. Beta-adrenergic antagonist exposures in children. Vet Hum Toxicol 2001; 43:361. Love JN, Sikka N. Are 1-2 tablets dangerous? Beta-blocker exposure in toddlers. J Emerg Med 2004; 26:309. Wax PM, Erdman AR, Chyka PA, et al. beta-blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43:131. Topic 330 Version 10.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1003-122.72.76.133-24348CF07F-S244013.14]