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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Biological effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide 1. Cardiovascular system Vasodilation Peripheral Splanchnic Coronary Extracranial Cerebral Pulmonary Genital Chronotropic effect Inotropic effect 2. Digestive system Esophagus Relaxation of lower sphincter Contraction in the body Stomach Relaxation of antral smooth muscle Relaxation of fundic smooth muscle Relaxation of oluscularis mucosae Small intestine Relaxation followed by contractions of circular muscle Contraction of longitudinal muscle Stimulation or water and ion secretion Stimulation or Brunner's gland secretion Large intestine Relaxation of smooth muscle Water and chloride secretion Gallbladder Relaxation of smooth muscle Inhibition of fluid and NaCl absorption Liver Stimulation or biliary secretion Pancreas Stimulation of water and HCO 3 -secretion 3. Endocrine function and metabolism Metabolism Lipolysis Glycogenolysis Adrenal gland Stimulation of adrenal steroidogenesis Kidney Stimulation of renin secretion Pancreas Release of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary/hypothalamus Release of prolactin, oxytocin, and vasopressin Thyroid Stimulation of hormone secretion 4. Urogenital system Inhibition or myoelectrical and smooth muscle activity Potential of electrically induced and pilocarpine-induced prostatic secretion 5. Respiratory system Bronchodilation Stimulation of submucosal gland secretion 6. Central nervous system Excitation of cerebral cortical and spinal cord neurons Hyperthermia Stimulation or glycogenolysis and of glucose utilization Hypnogenic and antidipsogenic effects 7. Immune system Inhibition of mitogen-induced transformation of T-lymphocytes Stimulation of Ig synthesis Inhibition of mast cell histamine release Reproduced with permission from: Fahrenkurg J. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72:354. Copyright © 1993 Pharmacology & Toxicology.