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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f19_45_20185

REFERENCES Braun J, Oldendorf M, Moshage W, et al. Electron beam computed tomography in the evaluation of cardiac calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27:394. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1478. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P, Treat to Goal Working Group. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62:245. London GM, Guérin AP, Marchais SJ, et al. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18:1731. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31:607. Block GA. Prevalence and clinical consequences of elevated Ca x P product in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2000; 54:318. Goldsmith D, MacGinley R, Smith A, Covic A. How important and how treatable is vascular stiffness as a cardiovascular risk factor in renal failure? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:965. London GM, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, et al. Arterial structure and function in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:1713. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, et al. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1999; 99:2434. Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, et al. Carotid arterial stiffness as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 1998; 32:570. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, et al. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001; 38:938. Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, Giachelli CM. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 2011; 109:697. Leu HJ, Brunner U. [Calcified and ossified phlebosclerosis]. Vasa 1992; 21:11. Smith JC, Stanton LW, Kramer NC, Parrish AE. Nodular pulmonary calcification in renal failure. Report of a case. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 100:723. Contiguglia SR, Alfrey AC, Miller NL, et al. Nature of soft tissue calcification in uremia. Kidney Int 1973; 4:229.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f19_45_20185

Leu HJ, Brunner U. [Calcified and ossified phlebosclerosis]. Vasa 1992; 21:11. Smith JC, Stanton LW, Kramer NC, Parrish AE. Nodular pulmonary calcification in renal failure. Report of a case. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 100:723. Contiguglia SR, Alfrey AC, Miller NL, et al. Nature of soft tissue calcification in uremia. Kidney Int 1973; 4:229. Verberckmoes SC, Persy V, Behets GJ, et al. Uremia-related vascular calcification: more than apatite deposition. Kidney Int 2007; 71:298. Galimberti RL, Parra IH, Imperiali N, et al. Fatal cutaneous necrosis in a hemodialyzed patient with oxalosis. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38:918. Schlieper G, Aretz A, Verberckmoes SC, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of vascular calcifications in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:689. Stary HC. Lipid and macrophage accumulations in arteries of children and the development of atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1297S. Mohler ER 3rd. Vascular calcification: good, bad or ugly? Vasc Med 2002; 7:161. McCullough PA, Sandberg KR, Dumler F, Yanez JE. Determinants of coronary vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a systematic review. J Nephrol 2004; 17:205. Chertow GM. Slowing the progression of vascular calcification in hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:S310. Hunt JL, Fairman R, Mitchell ME, et al. Bone formation in carotid plaques: a clinicopathological study. Stroke 2002; 33:1214. Proudfoot D, Shanahan CM. Biology of calcification in vascular cells: intima versus media. Herz 2001; 26:245. Shroff RC, McNair R, Skepper JN, et al. Chronic mineral dysregulation promotes vascular smooth muscle cell adaptation and extracellular matrix calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:103. Mulligan, RM. Metastatic calcification. Arch Pathol 1946; 42:177. Virchow, R. Kalk metastasen. Virchows Arch f path Anat 1855; 8:103. Shantouf R, Kovesdy CP, Kim Y, et al. Association of serum alkaline phosphatase with coronary artery calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4:1106. Ahmed S, O'Neill KD, Hood AF, et al. Calciphylaxis is associated with hyperphosphatemia and increased osteopontin expression by vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37:1267. Moe SM, O'Neill KD, Duan D, et al. Medial artery calcification in ESRD patients is associated with deposition of bone matrix proteins. Kidney Int 2002; 61:638.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f19_45_20185

Ahmed S, O'Neill KD, Hood AF, et al. Calciphylaxis is associated with hyperphosphatemia and increased osteopontin expression by vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37:1267. Moe SM, O'Neill KD, Duan D, et al. Medial artery calcification in ESRD patients is associated with deposition of bone matrix proteins. Kidney Int 2002; 61:638. Cozzolino M, Gallieni M, Brancaccio D. Vascular calcification in uremic conditions: new insights into pathogenesis. Semin Nephrol 2006; 26:33. Fukagawa M, Kazama JJ. The making of a bone in blood vessels: from the soft shell to the hard bone. Kidney Int 2007; 72:533. Davies MR, Hruska KA. Pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular calcification in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2001; 60:472. Colinayo VV, Qiao JH, Demant P, et al. Genetic characterization of the Dyscalc locus. Mamm Genome 2002; 13:283. Massy ZA, Ivanovski O, Nguyen-Khoa T, et al. Uremia accelerates both atherosclerosis and arterial calcification in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:109. Peyser PA, Bielak LF, Chu JS, et al. Heritability of coronary artery calcium quantity measured by electron beam computed tomography in asymptomatic adults. Circulation 2002; 106:304. Narayan KM, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, et al. Familial aggregation of medial arterial calcification in Pima Indians with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19:968. Wagenknecht LE, Bowden DW, Carr JJ, et al. Familial aggregation of coronary artery calcium in families with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50:861. Nitschke Y, Baujat G, Botschen U, et al. Generalized arterial calcification of infancy and pseudoxanthoma elasticum can be caused by mutations in either ENPP1 or ABCC6. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:25. Schiffmann JH, Wessel A, Brück W, Speer CP. [Idiopathic infantile arterial calcinosis. A rare cardiovascular disease of uncertain etiology--case report and review of the literature]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1992; 140:27. Rutsch F, Ruf N, Vaingankar S, et al. Mutations in ENPP1 are associated with 'idiopathic' infantile arterial calcification. Nat Genet 2003; 34:379. Ellsworth DL, Bielak LF, Turner ST, et al. Gender- and age-dependent relationships between the E-selectin S128R polymorphism and coronary artery calcification. J Mol Med (Berl) 2001; 79:390.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f19_45_20185

Rutsch F, Ruf N, Vaingankar S, et al. Mutations in ENPP1 are associated with 'idiopathic' infantile arterial calcification. Nat Genet 2003; 34:379. Ellsworth DL, Bielak LF, Turner ST, et al. Gender- and age-dependent relationships between the E-selectin S128R polymorphism and coronary artery calcification. J Mol Med (Berl) 2001; 79:390. Herrmann SM, Whatling C, Brand E, et al. Polymorphisms of the human matrix gla protein (MGP) gene, vascular calcification, and myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2386. Keso T, Perola M, Laippala P, et al. Polymorphisms within the tumor necrosis factor locus and prevalence of coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154:691. Pfohl M, Athanasiadis A, Koch M, et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with coronary artery plaque calcification as assessed by intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:987. Rutsch F, Nitschke Y, Terkeltaub R. Genetics in arterial calcification: pieces of a puzzle and cogs in a wheel. Circ Res 2011; 109:578. Huybers S, Bindels RJ. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: new developments in drug therapy. Kidney Int 2007; 72:663. Jono S, McKee MD, Murry CE, et al. Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 2000; 87:E10. Mathew S, Lund RJ, Strebeck F, et al. Reversal of the adynamic bone disorder and decreased vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease by sevelamer carbonate therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:122. Stubbs JR, Liu S, Tang W, et al. Role of hyperphosphatemia and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in vascular calcification and mortality in fibroblastic growth factor 23 null mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2116. Slatopolsky E, Martin K, Hruska K. Parathyroid hormone metabolism and its potential as a uremic toxin. Am J Physiol 1980; 239:F1. Garcia de la Torre N, Wass JA, Turner HE. Parathyroid adenomas and cardiovascular risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2003; 10:309. Vestergaard P, Mollerup CL, Frøkjaer VG, et al. Cardiovascular events before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2003; 27:216. Neves KR, Graciolli FG, dos Reis LM, et al. Vascular calcification: contribution of parathyroid hormone in renal failure. Kidney Int 2007; 71:1262.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f19_45_20185

Garcia de la Torre N, Wass JA, Turner HE. Parathyroid adenomas and cardiovascular risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2003; 10:309. Vestergaard P, Mollerup CL, Frøkjaer VG, et al. Cardiovascular events before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2003; 27:216. Neves KR, Graciolli FG, dos Reis LM, et al. Vascular calcification: contribution of parathyroid hormone in renal failure. Kidney Int 2007; 71:1262. Covic A, Kothawala P, Bernal M, et al. Systematic review of the evidence underlying the association between mineral metabolism disturbances and risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:1506. Tukaj C, Kubasik-Juraniec J, Kraszpulski M. Morphological changes of aortal smooth muscle cells exposed to calcitriol in culture. Med Sci Monit 2000; 6:668. Shioi A, Mori K, Jono S, et al. Mechanism of atherosclerotic calcification. Z Kardiol 2000; 89 Suppl 2:75. Braam LA, Hoeks AP, Brouns F, et al. Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91:373. Goldsmith DJ, Covic A, Sambrook PA, Ackrill P. Vascular calcification in long-term haemodialysis patients in a single unit: a retrospective analysis. Nephron 1997; 77:37. Duguid, JB. Vitamin D sclerosis in the rat's aorta. J Path 1933; 33:697. EISENSTEIN R, ZERUOLIS L. VITAMIN D-INDUCED AORTIC CALCIFICATION. Arch Pathol 1964; 77:27. Mallick NP, Berlyne GM. Arterial calcification after vitamin-D therapy in hyperphosphatemic renal failure. Lancet 1968; 2:1316. Irnell L. Metastatic calcification of soft tissue on overdosage of vitamin D. Acta Med Scand 1969; 185:147. Milliner DS, Zinsmeister AR, Lieberman E, Landing B. Soft tissue calcification in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1990; 38:931. Lopez I, Mendoza FJ, Aguilera-Tejero E, et al. The effect of calcitriol, paricalcitol, and a calcimimetic on extraosseous calcifications in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2008; 73:300. Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Shioi A, Morii H. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases in vitro vascular calcification by modulating secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Circulation 1998; 98:1302. Drissi H, Pouliot A, Koolloos C, et al. 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 suppresses the bone-related Runx2/Cbfa1 gene promoter. Exp Cell Res 2002; 274:323.

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Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Shioi A, Morii H. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases in vitro vascular calcification by modulating secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Circulation 1998; 98:1302. Drissi H, Pouliot A, Koolloos C, et al. 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 suppresses the bone-related Runx2/Cbfa1 gene promoter. Exp Cell Res 2002; 274:323. Mizobuchi M, Finch JL, Martin DR, Slatopolsky E. Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on vascular calcification in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2007; 72:709. Tamashiro M, Iseki K, Sunagawa O, et al. Significant association between the progression of coronary artery calcification and dyslipidemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:64. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle K, et al. Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation 2002; 106:1077. Parhami F, Basseri B, Hwang J, et al. High-density lipoprotein regulates calcification of vascular cells. Circ Res 2002; 91:570. Nitta K, Ishizuka T, Horita S, et al. Soluble osteopontin and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2001; 89:455. Westenfeld R, Schäfer C, Krüger T, et al. Fetuin-A protects against atherosclerotic calcification in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1264. Jersmann HP, Dransfield I, Hart SP. Fetuin/alpha2-HS glycoprotein enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and macropinocytosis by human macrophages. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 105:273. Price PA, Lim JE. The inhibition of calcium phosphate precipitation by fetuin is accompanied by the formation of a fetuin-mineral complex. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22144. Price PA, Nguyen TM, Williamson MK. Biochemical characterization of the serum fetuin-mineral complex. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22153. Stenvinkel P, Wang K, Qureshi AR, et al. Low fetuin-A levels are associated with cardiovascular death: Impact of variations in the gene encoding fetuin. Kidney Int 2005; 67:2383. Ketteler M, Wanner C, Metzger T, et al. Deficiencies of calcium-regulatory proteins in dialysis patients: a novel concept of cardiovascular calcification in uremia. Kidney Int Suppl 2003; :S84. Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M, et al. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002; 106:100.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f19_45_20185

Ketteler M, Wanner C, Metzger T, et al. Deficiencies of calcium-regulatory proteins in dialysis patients: a novel concept of cardiovascular calcification in uremia. Kidney Int Suppl 2003; :S84. Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M, et al. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002; 106:100. Stompór T, Pasowicz M, Sul��owicz W, et al. An association between coronary artery calcification score, lipid profile, and selected markers of chronic inflammation in ESRD patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41:203. Ketteler M, Bongartz P, Westenfeld R, et al. Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2003; 361:827. Barreto DV, Barreto FC, Carvalho AB, et al. Coronary calcification in hemodialysis patients: the contribution of traditional and uremia-related risk factors. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1576. Coen G, Manni M, Agnoli A, et al. Cardiac calcifications: Fetuin-A and other risk factors in hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J 2006; 52:150. Hermans MM, Brandenburg V, Ketteler M, et al. Association of serum fetuin-A levels with mortality in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007; 72:202. Ketteler M, Vermeer C, Wanner C, et al. Novel insights into uremic vascular calcification: role of matrix Gla protein and alpha-2-Heremans Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin. Blood Purif 2002; 20:473. Zannettino AC, Holding CA, Diamond P, et al. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is localized to the Weibel-Palade bodies of human vascular endothelial cells and is physically associated with von Willebrand factor. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:714. Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin. Circ Res 2004; 95:1046. Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, et al. IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1216. Moe SM, Reslerova M, Ketteler M, et al. Role of calcification inhibitors in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney Int 2005; 67:2295. O'Neill WC, Sigrist MK, McIntyre CW. Plasma pyrophosphate and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:187.

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Moe SM, Reslerova M, Ketteler M, et al. Role of calcification inhibitors in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney Int 2005; 67:2295. O'Neill WC, Sigrist MK, McIntyre CW. Plasma pyrophosphate and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:187. Amann K. Media calcification and intima calcification are distinct entities in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:1599. McCullough PA, Chinnaiyan KM, Agrawal V, et al. Amplification of atherosclerotic calcification and Mönckeberg's sclerosis: a spectrum of the same disease process. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008; 15:396. Mizobuchi M, Towler D, Slatopolsky E. Vascular calcification: the killer of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1453. Demer LL, Tintut Y, Parhami F. Novel mechanisms in accelerated vascular calcification in renal disease patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002; 11:437. Zarjou A, Jeney V, Arosio P, et al. Ferritin prevents calcification and osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1254. Giacobetti R, Feldman SA, Ivanovich P, et al. Sudden fatal pulmonary calcification following renal transplantation. Nephron 1977; 19:295. Wenzel-Seifert K, Harwig S, Keller F. Fulminant calcinosis in two patients after kidney transplantation. Am J Nephrol 1991; 11:497. Canavese C, Cesarani F, Stratta C, et al. [Vascular calcification after kidney transplantation. Preliminary results]. Minerva Urol Nefrol 1999; 51:11. Canavese C, Cesarani F, Stratta C, et al. Dramatic worsening of vascular calcifications after kidney transplantation in spite of early parathyroidectomy. Clin Nephrol 2000; 54:487. Atkinson J. [Aging of arterial extracellular matrix elastin: etiology and consequences]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1998; 46:555. Atkinson J. Arterial calcification. Mechanisms, consequences and animal models. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1999; 47:677. Moe SM, Duan D, Doehle BP, et al. Uremia induces the osteoblast differentiation factor Cbfa1 in human blood vessels. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1003. Topic 7220 Version 5.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0503-1.234.2.38-35693F307E-S244013.14]