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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Frequency of birth trauma related to mode of delivery cases per 10,000 births Trauma Spontaneous birth Vacuum assisted Forceps assisted Cesarean no labor Cesarean with labor Subdural or cerebral hemorrhage 2.9 8.0 9.8 4.1 7.4 Intraventricular hemorrhage 1.1 1.5 2.6 0.8 2.5 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 1.3 2.2 3.3 0.0 1.2 Facial nerve injury 3.3 4.6 45.4 4.9 3.1 Brachial plexus injury 7.7 17.6 25.0 4.1 1.8 Convulsions 6.4 11.7 9.8 8.6 21.3 CNS depression 3.1 9.2 5.2 6.7 9.6 Feeding difficulty 68.5 72.1 74.6 106.3 117.2 Mechanical ventilation 25.8 39.1 45.4 71.3 103.2 Data from: Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, et al. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1709.