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Binford GJ, Wells MA. The phylogenetic distribution of sphingomyelinase D activity in venoms of Haplogyne spiders. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:25. Tambourgi DV, Paixão-Cavalcante D, Gonçalves de Andrade RM, et al. Loxosceles sphingomyelinase induces complement-dependent dermonecrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and endogenous gelatinase expression. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:725. Isbister GK, Fan HW. Spider bite. Lancet 2011; 378:2039. Anderson PC. Loxoscelism threatening pregnancy: five cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165:1454. França FO, Barbaro KC, Abdulkader RC. Rhabdomyolysis in presumed viscero-cutaneous loxoscelism: report of two cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:287. Futrell JM. Loxoscelism. Am J Med Sci 1992; 304:261. Kemp ED. Bites and stings of the arthropod kind. Treating reactions that can range from annoying to menacing. Postgrad Med 1998; 103:88. Stoecker WV, Green JA, Gomez HF. Diagnosis of loxoscelism in a child confirmed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and noninvasive tissue sampling. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:888. Dominguez TJ. It's not a spider bite, it's community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004; 17:220. El Fakih, RO, Moore, TA, Mortada, RA. The danger of diagnostic error: community-acquired MRSA or a spider bite? Kansas J Med 2008; 1:81. King LE Jr, Rees RS. Dapsone treatment of a brown recluse bite. JAMA 1983; 250:648. Barrett SM, Romine-Jenkins M, Fisher DE. Dapsone or electric shock therapy of brown recluse spider envenomation? Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24:21. Phillips S, Kohn M, Baker D, et al. Therapy of brown spider envenomation: a controlled trial of hyperbaric oxygen, dapsone, and cyproheptadine. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25:363. Elston DM, Miller SD, Young RJ 3rd, et al. Comparison of colchicine, dapsone, triamcinolone, and diphenhydramine therapy for the treatment of brown recluse spider envenomation: a double-blind, controlled study in a rabbit model. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141:595. Wolverton, SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, Saunders, Philadelphia 2001. Berger RS. The unremarkable brown recluse spider bite. JAMA 1973; 225:1109. Paixão-Cavalcante D, van den Berg CW, Gonçalves-de-Andrade RM, et al. Tetracycline protects against dermonecrosis induced by Loxosceles spider venom. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1410.
Wolverton, SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, Saunders, Philadelphia 2001. Berger RS. The unremarkable brown recluse spider bite. JAMA 1973; 225:1109. Paixão-Cavalcante D, van den Berg CW, Gonçalves-de-Andrade RM, et al. Tetracycline protects against dermonecrosis induced by Loxosceles spider venom. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1410. Paixão-Cavalcante D, van den Berg CW, de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa M, et al. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in HaCaT keratinocytes apoptosis induced by loxosceles venom sphingomyelinase D. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:61. Auer AI, Hershey FB. Proceedings: Surgery for necrotic bites of the brown spider. Arch Surg 1974; 108:612. DeLozier JB, Reaves L, King LE Jr, Rees RS. Brown recluse spider bites of the upper extremity. South Med J 1988; 81:181. Rees RS, Altenbern DP, Lynch JB, King LE Jr. Brown recluse spider bites. A comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision. Ann Surg 1985; 202:659. Isbister GK, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D. Antivenom treatment in arachnidism. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41:291. Bernstein, JN. Antidotes in depth. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th, Flomenbaum, NE, Goldfrank, LR, et al (Eds), McGraw Hill, New York 2006. p.1623. Pauli I, Puka J, Gubert IC, Minozzo JC. The efficacy of antivenom in loxoscelism treatment. Toxicon 2006; 48:123. Hogan CJ, Barbaro KC, Winkel K. Loxoscelism: old obstacles, new directions. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 44:608. Topic 6485 Version 11.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0504-58.240.98.179-CCB85E928E-S244013.14]