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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f24_31_25081

REFERENCES Maretic, Z, Lebez D. Araneism with special reference to Europe, Polit, Pula, Yugoslavia 1979. Vetter RS, Isbister GK. Medical aspects of spider bites. Annu Rev Entomol 2008; 53:409. Garb JE, González A, Gillespie RG. The black widow spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 31:1127. Brown KS, Necaise JS, Goddard J. Additions to the known U.S. distribution of Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae). J Med Entomol 2008; 45:959. Müller GJ. Black and brown widow spider bites in South Africa. A series of 45 cases. S Afr Med J 1993; 83:399. Saibil HR. The black widow's versatile venom. Nat Struct Biol 2000; 7:3. Goddard J, Upshaw S, Held D, Johnnson K. Severe reaction from envenomation by the brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae). South Med J 2008; 101:1269. Kiriakos D, Núñez P, Parababire Y, et al. First case of human latrodectism in Venezuela. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41:202. Ramialiharisoa A, de Haro L, Jouglard J, Goyffon M. [Latrodectism in Madagascar]. Med Trop (Mars) 1994; 54:127. Nihei N, Yoshida M, Kaneta H, et al. Analysis on the dispersal pattern of newly introduced Latrodectus hasseltii (Araneae: Theridiadae) in Japan by spider diagram. J Med Entomol 2004; 41:269. Hann, SW. Evidence for the displacement of an endemic New Zealand spider, Latrodectus katipo Powell by the South African species Steatoda capensis. NZ J Zool 1990; 17:295. Isbister GK, Fan HW. Spider bite. Lancet 2011; 378:2039. Clark RF, Wethern-Kestner S, Vance MV, Gerkin R. Clinical presentation and treatment of black widow spider envenomation: a review of 163 cases. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:782. Díez García F, Laynez Bretones F, Gálvez Contreras MC, et al. [Black widow spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus) bite. Presentation of 12 cases]. Med Clin (Barc) 1996; 106:344. Sutherland SK, Trinca JC. Survey of 2144 cases of red-back spider bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963--1976. Med J Aust 1978; 2:620. Bush SP. Black widow spider envenomation mimicking cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:315. La Grange MA. Pulmonary oedema from a widow spider bite. S Afr Med J 1990; 77:110. Kleiner-Baumgarten A. [Black widow spider bite in the Negev]. Harefuah 1991; 120:257. Levine M, Canning J, Chase R, Ruha AM. Cardiomyopathy following latrodectus envenomation. West J Emerg Med 2010; 11:521.

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Bush SP. Black widow spider envenomation mimicking cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:315. La Grange MA. Pulmonary oedema from a widow spider bite. S Afr Med J 1990; 77:110. Kleiner-Baumgarten A. [Black widow spider bite in the Negev]. Harefuah 1991; 120:257. Levine M, Canning J, Chase R, Ruha AM. Cardiomyopathy following latrodectus envenomation. West J Emerg Med 2010; 11:521. Quan D, Ruha AM. Priapism associated with Latrodectus mactans envenomation. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27:759.e1. Rosenthal G, Marcus M, Bakalash S, Lifshitz T. Late Horner's syndrome following the bite of a black widow spider. Int Ophthalmol 1999; 23:115. Cohen J, Bush S. Case report: compartment syndrome after a suspected black widow spider bite. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:414. Welch KJ, Burke WA, Jones BE. Black widow spider poisoning as a possible cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30:448. Press J, Gedalia A. [Spider bite in a child]. Harefuah 1989; 116:466. Woestman R, Perkin R, Van Stralen D. The black widow: is she deadly to children? Pediatr Emerg Care 1996; 12:360. Südhof TC. alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors: neurexins and CIRL/latrophilins. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001; 24:933. Peterson ME. Black widow spider envenomation. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2006; 21:187. Nicholson GM, Graudins A. Spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002; 29:785. Henkel AW, Sankaranarayanan S. Mechanisms of alpha-latrotoxin action. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 296:229. Orlova EV, Rahman MA, Gowen B, et al. Structure of alpha-latrotoxin oligomers reveals that divalent cation-dependent tetramers form membrane pores. Nat Struct Biol 2000; 7:48. Isbister GK, Gray MR. Effects of envenoming by comb-footed spiders of the genera Steatoda and Achaearanea (family Theridiidae: Araneae) in Australia. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41:809. Isbister GK, Gray MR. Latrodectism: a prospective cohort study of bites by formally identified redback spiders. Med J Aust 2003; 179:88. Ellis RM, Sprivulis PC, Jelinek GA, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of intravenous versus intramuscular antivenom for red-back spider envenoming. Emerg Med Australas 2005; 17:152. Isbister GK, Brown SG, Miller M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular vs. intravenous antivenom for latrodectism--the RAVE study. QJM 2008; 101:557.

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Ellis RM, Sprivulis PC, Jelinek GA, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of intravenous versus intramuscular antivenom for red-back spider envenoming. Emerg Med Australas 2005; 17:152. Isbister GK, Brown SG, Miller M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular vs. intravenous antivenom for latrodectism--the RAVE study. QJM 2008; 101:557. Dzelalija B, Medic A. Latrodectus bites in northern Dalmatia, Croatia: clinical, laboratory, epidemiological, and therapeutical aspects. Croat Med J 2003; 44:135. Isbister GK, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D. Antivenom treatment in arachnidism. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41:291. Graudins A, Gunja N, Broady KW, Nicholson GM. Clinical and in vitro evidence for the efficacy of Australian red-back spider (Latrodectus hasselti) antivenom in the treatment of envenomation by a Cupboard spider (Steatoda grossa). Toxicon 2002; 40:767. Daly FF, Hill RE, Bogdan GM, Dart RC. Neutralization of Latrodectus mactans and L. hesperus venom by redback spider (L. hasseltii) antivenom. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:119. Dart RC, Goldfrank LR, Chyka PA, et al. Combined evidence-based literature analysis and consensus guidelines for stocking of emergency antidotes in the United States. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36:126. Russell FE, Marcus P, Streng JA. Black widow spider envenomation during pregnancy. Report of a case. Toxicon 1979; 17:188. Soh SY, Rutherford G. Evidence behind the WHO guidelines: hospital care for children: should s/c adrenaline, hydrocortisone or antihistamines be used as premedication for snake antivenom? J Trop Pediatr 2006; 52:155. White J. Envenoming and antivenom use in Australia. Toxicon 1998; 36:1483. Isbister GK. Failure of intramuscular antivenom in Red-back spider envenoming. Emerg Med (Fremantle) 2002; 14:436. Isbister GK. Safety of i.v. administration of redback spider antivenom. Intern Med J 2007; 37:820. WIENER S. Red back spider bite in Australia: an analysis of 167 cases. Med J Aust 1961; 48(2):44. Jelinek GA, Banham ND, Dunjey SJ. Red-back spider-bites at Fremantle Hospital, 1982-1987. Med J Aust 1989; 150:693. Brown SG, Isbister GK, Stokes B. Route of administration of redback spider bite antivenom: determining clinician beliefs to facilitate Bayesian analysis of a clinical trial. Emerg Med Australas 2007; 19:458. Clark RF. The safety and efficacy of antivenin Latrodectus mactans. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:125.

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Jelinek GA, Banham ND, Dunjey SJ. Red-back spider-bites at Fremantle Hospital, 1982-1987. Med J Aust 1989; 150:693. Brown SG, Isbister GK, Stokes B. Route of administration of redback spider bite antivenom: determining clinician beliefs to facilitate Bayesian analysis of a clinical trial. Emerg Med Australas 2007; 19:458. Clark RF. The safety and efficacy of antivenin Latrodectus mactans. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:125. Murphy CM, Hong JJ, Beuhler MC. Anaphylaxis with Latrodectus antivenin resulting in cardiac arrest. J Med Toxicol 2011; 7:317. Sutherland SK. Antivenom use in Australia. Premedication, adverse reactions and the use of venom detection kits. Med J Aust 1992; 157:734. O'Malley GF, Dart RC, Kuffner EF. Successful treatment of latrodectism with antivenin after 90 hours. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:657. Suntorntham S, Roberts JR, Nilsen GJ. Dramatic clinical response to the delayed administration of black widow spider antivenin. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24:1198. White J, Harbord M. Latrodectism as mimic. Med J Aust 1985; 142:75. Banham ND, Jelinek GA, Finch PM. Late treatment with antivenom in prolonged red-back spider envenomation. Med J Aust 1994; 161:379. de Silva HA, Pathmeswaran A, Ranasinha CD, et al. Low-dose adrenaline, promethazine, and hydrocortisone in the prevention of acute adverse reactions to antivenom following snakebite: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1000435. Bush SP, Smith JC. Spider envenomation, widow. www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic546.htm (Accessed on September 30, 2008). White J. Snakebite & Spiderbite: Management Guidelines for South Australia. Dept. of Health, Government of South Australia, 2006. Accessible at: file://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+information/health+information+for+the+clinician/snakebite+and+spider. CSL Antivenom Handbook. file://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslb_index.html (Accessed on October 14, 2008). Topic 6510 Version 12.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1105-197.136.42.3-2402AFD0B2-S244013.14]