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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f38_14_39143

REFERENCES Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:639. Zierdt CH, Rude WS, Bull BS. Protozoan characteristics of Blastocystis hominis. Am J Clin Pathol 1967; 48:495. Zierdt CH. Studies of Blastocystis hominis. J Protozool 1973; 20:114. Stenzel DJ, Boreham PF. Blastocystis hominis revisited. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9:563. Blastocystis hominis: commensal or pathogen? Lancet 1991; 337:521. Kain KC, Noble MA, Freeman HJ, Barteluk RL. Epidemiology and clinical features associated with Blastocystis hominis infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1987; 8:235. Nimri LF. Evidence of an epidemic of Blastocystis hominis infections in preschool children in northern Jordan. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2706. Nimri L, Batchoun R. Intestinal colonization of symptomatic and asymptomatic schoolchildren with Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2865. Leelayoova S, Rangsin R, Taamasri P, et al. Evidence of waterborne transmission of Blastocystis hominis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70:658. Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S, et al. Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology 2007; 134:359. Senay H, MacPherson D. Blastocystis hominis: epidemiology and natural history. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:987. Sheehan DJ, Raucher BG, McKitrick JC. Association of Blastocystis hominis with signs and symptoms of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:548. Doyle PW, Helgason MM, Mathias RG, Proctor EM. Epidemiology and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:116. Jelinek T, Peyerl G, Löscher T, et al. The role of Blastocystis hominis as a possible intestinal pathogen in travellers. J Infect 1997; 35:63. Shlim DR, Hoge CW, Rajah R, et al. Is Blastocystis hominis a cause of diarrhea in travelers? A prospective controlled study in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:97. Guglielmetti P, Cellesi C, Figura N, Rossolini A. Family outbreak of Blastocystis hominis associated gastroenteritis. Lancet 1989; 2:1394. Zierdt CH. Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:662. Miller RA, Minshew BH. Blastocystis hominis: an organism in search of a disease. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10:930. Zaman V, Howe J, Ng M. Variation in the cyst morphology of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res 1997; 83:306.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f38_14_39143

Guglielmetti P, Cellesi C, Figura N, Rossolini A. Family outbreak of Blastocystis hominis associated gastroenteritis. Lancet 1989; 2:1394. Zierdt CH. Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:662. Miller RA, Minshew BH. Blastocystis hominis: an organism in search of a disease. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10:930. Zaman V, Howe J, Ng M. Variation in the cyst morphology of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res 1997; 83:306. Moe KT, Singh M, Howe J, et al. Observations on the ultrastructure and viability of the cystic stage of Blastocystis hominis from human feces. Parasitol Res 1996; 82:439. Ok UZ, Girginkarde��ler N, Balcio��lu C, et al. Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole in Blastocystis hominis infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:3245. Wong KH, Ng GC, Lin RT, et al. Predominance of subtype 3 among Blastocystis isolates from a major hospital in Singapore. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:663. Stensvold CR, Alfellani MA, Nørskov-Lauritsen S, et al. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:473. Zierdt CH. Blastocystis hominis--past and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4:61. Blastocystis hominis as a human pathogen. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:661. Qadri SM, al-Okaili GA, al-Dayel F. Clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:2407. Markell EK, Udkow MP. Blastocystis hominis: pathogen or fellow traveler? Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35:1023. Sun T, Katz S, Tanenbaum B, Schenone C. Questionable clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84:1543. Chen TL, Chan CC, Chen HP, et al. Clinical characteristics and endoscopic findings associated with Blastocystis hominis in healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69:213. Clark CG. Extensive genetic diversity in Blastocystis hominis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 87:79. Yoshikawa H, Nagano I, Wu Z, et al. Genomic polymorphism among Blastocystis hominis strains and development of subtype-specific diagnostic primers. Mol Cell Probes 1998; 12:153. Kukoschke KG, Müller HE. SDS-PAGE and immunological analysis of different axenic Blastocystis hominis strains. J Med Microbiol 1991; 35:35. Boreham PF, Upcroft JA, Dunn LA. Protein and DNA evidence for two demes of Blastocystis hominis from humans. Int J Parasitol 1992; 22:49.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f38_14_39143

Yoshikawa H, Nagano I, Wu Z, et al. Genomic polymorphism among Blastocystis hominis strains and development of subtype-specific diagnostic primers. Mol Cell Probes 1998; 12:153. Kukoschke KG, Müller HE. SDS-PAGE and immunological analysis of different axenic Blastocystis hominis strains. J Med Microbiol 1991; 35:35. Boreham PF, Upcroft JA, Dunn LA. Protein and DNA evidence for two demes of Blastocystis hominis from humans. Int J Parasitol 1992; 22:49. Elwakil HS, Talaat RM. Genetic analysis of Blastocystis hominis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic human hosts in Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2009; 39:99. Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:413. Tan TC, Suresh KG, Smith HV. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Blastocystis hominis isolates implicates subtype 3 as a subtype with pathogenic potential. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:85. Vennila GD, Suresh Kumar G, Khairul Anuar A, et al. Irregular shedding of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res 1999; 85:162. Keystone JS. Blastocystis hominis and traveler's diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:102. Kain K, Noble M. Blastocystis hominis infection in humans. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:508. Grossman I, Weiss LM, Simon D, et al. Blastocystis hominis in hospital employees. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87:729. Markell EK. Is there any reason to continue treating Blastocystis infections? Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:104. Cirioni O, Giacometti A, Drenaggi D, et al. Prevalence and clinical relevance of Blastocystis hominis in diverse patient cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15:389. Albrecht H, Stellbrink HJ, Koperski K, Greten H. Blastocystis hominis in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30:909. Ok UZ, Cirit M, Uner A, et al. Cryptosporidiosis and blastocystosis in renal transplant recipients. Nephron 1997; 75:171. Zuckerman MJ, Watts MT, Ho H, Meriano FV. Blastocystis hominis infection and intestinal injury. Am J Med Sci 1994; 308:96. Llibre JM, Tor J, Manterola JM, et al. Blastocystis hominis chronic diarrhoea in AIDS patients. Lancet 1989; 1:221. Garavelli PL, Orsi P, Scaglione L. Blastocystis hominis infection during AIDS. Lancet 1988; 2:1364. Hussain R, Jaferi W, Zuberi S, et al. Significantly increased IgG2 subclass antibody levels to Blastocystis hominis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 56:301.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f38_14_39143

Llibre JM, Tor J, Manterola JM, et al. Blastocystis hominis chronic diarrhoea in AIDS patients. Lancet 1989; 1:221. Garavelli PL, Orsi P, Scaglione L. Blastocystis hominis infection during AIDS. Lancet 1988; 2:1364. Hussain R, Jaferi W, Zuberi S, et al. Significantly increased IgG2 subclass antibody levels to Blastocystis hominis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 56:301. Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Fiorentini A, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Blastocystis hominis infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18:436. Yakoob J, Jafri W, Jafri N, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: in search of an etiology: role of Blastocystis hominis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70:383. Tungtrongchitr A, Manatsathit S, Kositchaiwat C, et al. Blastocystis hominis infection in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004; 35:705. Stensvold CR, Lewis HC, Hammerum AM, et al. Blastocystis: unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1655. Yakoob J, Jafri W, Beg MA, et al. Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis in patients fulfilling irritable bowel syndrome criteria. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:679. Hameed DM, Hassanin OM, Zuel-Fakkar NM. Association of Blastocystis hominis genetic subtypes with urticaria. Parasitol Res 2011; 108:553. Lee MG, Rawlins SC, Didier M, DeCeulaer K. Infective arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49:192. Patino WD, Cavuoti D, Banerjee SK, et al. Cytologic diagnosis of blastocystis hominis in peritoneal fluid: a case report. Acta Cytol 2008; 52:718. Horiki N, Maruyama M, Fujita Y, et al. Epidemiologic survey of Blastocystis hominis infection in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 56:370. Zuckerman MJ, Ho H, Hooper L, et al. Frequency of recovery of Blastocystis hominis in clinical practice. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12:525. Suresh K, Smith H. Comparison of methods for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:509. Nigro L, Larocca L, Massarelli L, et al. A placebo-controlled treatment trial of Blastocystis hominis infection with metronidazole. J Travel Med 2003; 10:128. Zierdt CH, Zierdt WS, Nagy B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibody to Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic infections. J Parasitol 1995; 81:127.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f38_14_39143

Nigro L, Larocca L, Massarelli L, et al. A placebo-controlled treatment trial of Blastocystis hominis infection with metronidazole. J Travel Med 2003; 10:128. Zierdt CH, Zierdt WS, Nagy B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibody to Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic infections. J Parasitol 1995; 81:127. Jones MS 2nd, Ganac RD, Hiser G, et al. Detection of Blastocystis from stool samples using real-time PCR. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:551. Roberts T, Barratt J, Harkness J, et al. Comparison of microscopy, culture, and conventional polymerase chain reaction for detection of blastocystis sp. in clinical stool samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84:308. Wolfe MS. The treatment of intestinal protozoan infections. Med Clin North Am 1982; 66:707. Zaman V, Zaki M. Resistance of Blastocystis hominis cysts to metronidazole. Trop Med Int Health 1996; 1:677. Haresh K, Suresh K, Khairul Anus A, Saminathan S. Isolate resistance of Blastocystis hominis to metronidazole. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4:274. Rossignol JF, Kabil SM, Said M, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide in persistent diarrhea and enteritis associated with Blastocystis hominis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3:987. Topic 5672 Version 8.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1004-61.55.141.10-EC79731216-S244013.14]