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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_47_8953

REFERENCES Davis JW, Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB, et al. Blunt carotid artery dissection: incidence, associated injuries, screening, and treatment. J Trauma 1990; 30:1514. Martin RF, Eldrup-Jorgensen J, Clark DE, Bredenberg CE. Blunt trauma to the carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg 1991; 14:789. Cogbill TH, Moore EE, Meissner M, et al. The spectrum of blunt injury to the carotid artery: a multicenter perspective. J Trauma 1994; 37:473. Ramadan F, Rutledge R, Oller D, et al. Carotid artery trauma: a review of contemporary trauma center experiences. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21:46. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Ryu RK, et al. The unrecognized epidemic of blunt carotid arterial injuries: early diagnosis improves neurologic outcome. Ann Surg 1998; 228:462. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Offner PJ, et al. Blunt carotid arterial injuries: implications of a new grading scale. J Trauma 1999; 47:845. Biffl WL, Ray CE Jr, Moore EE, et al. Treatment-related outcomes from blunt cerebrovascular injuries: importance of routine follow-up arteriography. Ann Surg 2002; 235:699. Tisherman SA, Bokhari F, Collier B, et al. Clinical practice guideline: penetrating zone II neck trauma. J Trauma 2008; 64:1392. Biffl WL, Cothren CC, Moore EE, et al. Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: screening for and treatment of blunt cerebrovascular injuries. J Trauma 2009; 67:1150. Bromberg WJ, Collier BC, Diebel LN, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injury practice management guidelines: the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 2010; 68:471. Parikh AA, Luchette FA, Valente JF, et al. Blunt carotid artery injuries. J Am Coll Surg 1997; 185:80. Fabian TC, George SM Jr, Croce MA, et al. Carotid artery trauma: management based on mechanism of injury. J Trauma 1990; 30:953. Cothren CC, Biffl WL, Moore EE, et al. Treatment for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: equivalence of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents. Arch Surg 2009; 144:685. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Ray CE Jr, et al. Screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries is cost-effective. Am J Surg 2005; 190:845. Miller PR, Fabian TC, Croce MA, et al. Prospective screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: analysis of diagnostic modalities and outcomes. Ann Surg 2002; 236:386. Schneidereit NP, Simons R, Nicolaou S, et al. Utility of screening for blunt vascular neck injuries with computed tomographic angiography. J Trauma 2006; 60:209.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_47_8953

Miller PR, Fabian TC, Croce MA, et al. Prospective screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: analysis of diagnostic modalities and outcomes. Ann Surg 2002; 236:386. Schneidereit NP, Simons R, Nicolaou S, et al. Utility of screening for blunt vascular neck injuries with computed tomographic angiography. J Trauma 2006; 60:209. Miller PR, Fabian TC, Bee TK, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: diagnosis and treatment. J Trauma 2001; 51:279. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Biffl WL, et al. Anticoagulation is the gold standard therapy for blunt carotid injuries to reduce stroke rate. Arch Surg 2004; 139:540. Edwards NM, Fabian TC, Claridge JA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy and endovascular stents are effective treatment for blunt carotid injuries: results from longterm followup. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204:1007. Prall JA, Brega KE, Coldwell DM, Breeze RE. Incidence of unsuspected blunt carotid artery injury. Neurosurgery 1998; 42:495. Fabian TC, Patton JH Jr, Croce MA, et al. Blunt carotid injury. Importance of early diagnosis and anticoagulant therapy. Ann Surg 1996; 223:513. Colella JJ, Diamond DL. Blunt carotid injury: reassessing the role of anticoagulation. Am Surg 1996; 62:212. Eachempati SR, Vaslef SN, Sebastian MW, Reed RL 2nd. Blunt vascular injuries of the head and neck: is heparinization necessary? J Trauma 1998; 45:997. Wahl WL, Brandt MM, Thompson BG, et al. Antiplatelet therapy: an alternative to heparin for blunt carotid injury. J Trauma 2002; 52:896. Hermosillo AJ, Spinler SA. Aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin: is the combination appropriate and effective or inappropriate and too dangerous? Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42:790. Stein DM, Boswell S, Sliker CW, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: does treatment always matter? J Trauma 2009; 66:132. Perry MO, Snyder WH, Thal ER. Carotid artery injuries caused by blunt trauma. Ann Surg 1980; 192:74. Troop BR, Carr SC, Hurley JJ, Pennell RJ. Blunt carotid injuries. Contemp Surg. 1996;48:280. Krajewski LP, Hertzer NR. Blunt carotid artery trauma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Ann Surg 1980; 191:341. Nanda A, Vannemreddy PS, Willis BK, et al. Management of carotid artery injuries: Louisiana State University Shreveport experience. Surg Neurol 2003; 59:184. Richardson JD, Simpson C, Miller FB. Management of carotid artery trauma. Surgery 1988; 104:673.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_47_8953

Krajewski LP, Hertzer NR. Blunt carotid artery trauma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Ann Surg 1980; 191:341. Nanda A, Vannemreddy PS, Willis BK, et al. Management of carotid artery injuries: Louisiana State University Shreveport experience. Surg Neurol 2003; 59:184. Richardson JD, Simpson C, Miller FB. Management of carotid artery trauma. Surgery 1988; 104:673. Unger SW, Tucker WS Jr, Mrdeza MA, et al. Carotid arterial trauma. Surgery 1980; 87:477. Karlin RM, Marks C. Extracranial carotid artery injury. Current surgical management. Am J Surg 1983; 146:225. Ledgerwood AM, Mullins RJ, Lucas CE. Primary repair vs ligation for carotid artery injuries. Arch Surg 1980; 115:488. Vishteh AG, Marciano FF, David CA, et al. Long-term graft patency rates and clinical outcomes after revascularization for symptomatic traumatic internal carotid artery dissection. Neurosurgery 1998; 43:761. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, et al. Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissections and pseudoaneurysms. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:183. Yee LF, Olcott EW, Knudson MM, Lim RC Jr. Extraluminal, transluminal, and observational treatment for vertebral artery injuries. J Trauma 1995; 39:480. Duke BJ, Ryu RK, Coldwell DM, Brega KE. Treatment of blunt injury to the carotid artery by using endovascular stents: an early experience. J Neurosurg 1997; 87:825. Li W, D'Ayala M, Hirshberg A, et al. Comparison of conservative and operative treatment for blunt carotid injuries: analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:593. Moulakakis KG, Mylonas S, Avgerinos E, et al. An update of the role of endovascular repair in blunt carotid artery trauma. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40:312. Berne JD, Reuland KR, Villarreal DH, et al. Internal carotid artery stenting for blunt carotid artery injuries with an associated pseudoaneurysm. J Trauma 2008; 64:398. Cohen JE, Gomori JM, Itshayek E, et al. Single-center experience on endovascular reconstruction of traumatic internal carotid artery dissections. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:216. Stager V, Gandhi R, Stroman D, et al. Traumatic internal carotid artery injury treated with overlapping bare metal stents under intravascular ultrasound guidance. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:483. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Ray CE Jr, et al. Carotid artery stents for blunt cerebrovascular injury: risks exceed benefits. Arch Surg 2005; 140:480.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_47_8953

Stager V, Gandhi R, Stroman D, et al. Traumatic internal carotid artery injury treated with overlapping bare metal stents under intravascular ultrasound guidance. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:483. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Ray CE Jr, et al. Carotid artery stents for blunt cerebrovascular injury: risks exceed benefits. Arch Surg 2005; 140:480. Mokri B, Piepgras DG, Houser OW. Traumatic dissections of the extracranial internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1988; 68:189. Cox MW, Whittaker DR, Martinez C, et al. Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the head and neck: early endovascular intervention. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:1227. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Elliott JP, et al. The devastating potential of blunt vertebral arterial injuries. Ann Surg 2000; 231:672. Spaniolas K, Velmahos GC, Alam HB, et al. Does improved detection of blunt vertebral artery injuries lead to improved outcomes? Analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank. World J Surg 2008; 32:2190. Topic 16136 Version 2.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0504-118.195.65.248-6BEDC4A8C2-S244013.14]