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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f31_35_32313

REFERENCES Borderi M, Gibellini D, Vescini F, et al. Metabolic bone disease in HIV infection. AIDS 2009; 23:1297. Brown TT, Qaqish RB. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review. AIDS 2006; 20:2165. Bonjoch A, Figueras M, Estany C, et al. High prevalence of and progression to low bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: a longitudinal cohort study. AIDS 2010; 24:2827. Cazanave C, Dupon M, Lavignolle-Aurillac V, et al. Reduced bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and associated factors. AIDS 2008; 22:395. Triant VA, Brown TT, Lee H, Grinspoon SK. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:3499. McComsey GA, Huang JS, Woolley IJ, et al. Fragility fractures in HIV-infected patients: need for better understanding of diagnosis and management. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2004; 3:86. Stephens EA, Das R, Madge S, et al. Symptomatic osteoporosis in two young HIV-positive African women. AIDS 1999; 13:2605. Martin K, Lawson-Ayayi S, Miremont-Salamé G, et al. Symptomatic bone disorders in HIV-infected patients: incidence in the Aquitaine cohort (1999-2002). HIV Med 2004; 5:421. Dao C, et al. Higher and increasing rates of fracture among HIV-infected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study compared to the general US population. In: Program and abstracts of the 17 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 18 February 2010, San Francisco, CA (Accessed on January 28, 2011). Lo Re V 3rd, Volk J, Newcomb CW, et al. Risk of hip fracture associated with hepatitis C virus infection and hepatitis C/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Hepatology 2012; 56:1688. Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Horne AM, et al. Bone mineral density is not reduced in HIV-infected Caucasian men treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65:191. Jacobson DL, Spiegelman D, Knox TK, Wilson IB. Evolution and predictors of change in total bone mineral density over time in HIV-infected men and women in the nutrition for healthy living study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49:298. Dolan SE, Huang JS, Killilea KM, et al. Reduced bone density in HIV-infected women. AIDS 2004; 18:475.

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Jacobson DL, Spiegelman D, Knox TK, Wilson IB. Evolution and predictors of change in total bone mineral density over time in HIV-infected men and women in the nutrition for healthy living study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49:298. Dolan SE, Huang JS, Killilea KM, et al. Reduced bone density in HIV-infected women. AIDS 2004; 18:475. Mueller NJ, Fux CA, Ledergerber B, et al. High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients. AIDS 2010; 24:1127. Sherwood JE, Mesner OC, Weintrob AC, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with low bone mineral density, HIV-related factors, hospitalization, and death in a predominantly black HIV-infected cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1727. Manolagas SC, Jilka RL. Bone marrow, cytokines, and bone remodeling. Emerging insights into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:305. Gibellini D, De Crignis E, Ponti C, et al. HIV-1 triggers apoptosis in primary osteoblasts and HOBIT cells through TNFalpha activation. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1507. Arnsten JH, Freeman R, Howard AA, et al. HIV infection and bone mineral density in middle-aged women. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1014. file://www.retroconference.org/2010/Abstracts/37582.htm (Accessed on September 21, 2010). Yin MT, Shi Q, Hoover DR, et al. Fracture incidence in HIV-infected women: results from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS 2010; 24:2679. Collier J. Bone disorders in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2007; 46:1271. Bedimo R, Maalouf NM, Zhang S, et al. Osteoporotic fracture risk associated with cumulative exposure to tenofovir and other antiretroviral agents. AIDS 2012; 26:825. Mundy LM, Youk AO, McComsey GA, Bowlin SJ. Overall benefit of antiretroviral treatment on the risk of fracture in HIV: nested case-control analysis in a health-insured population. AIDS 2012; 26:1073. Duvivier C, Kolta S, Assoumou L, et al. Greater decrease in bone mineral density with protease inhibitor regimens compared with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens in HIV-1 infected naive patients. AIDS 2009; 23:817. Brown TT, McComsey GA, King MS, et al. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:554.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f31_35_32313

Duvivier C, Kolta S, Assoumou L, et al. Greater decrease in bone mineral density with protease inhibitor regimens compared with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens in HIV-1 infected naive patients. AIDS 2009; 23:817. Brown TT, McComsey GA, King MS, et al. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:554. Stellbrink HJ, Orkin C, Arribas JR, et al. Comparison of changes in bone density and turnover with abacavir-lamivudine versus tenofovir-emtricitabine in HIV-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:963. Mulligan K, Harris DR, Emmanuel P, et al. Low bone mass in behaviorally HIV-infected young men on antiretroviral therapy: Adolescent Trials Network Study 021B. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:461. Grund B, Peng G, Gibert CL, et al. Continuous antiretroviral therapy decreases bone mineral density. AIDS 2009; 23:1519. Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292:191. file://www.retroconference.org/2009/Abstracts/33890.htm (Accessed on September 21, 2010). McComsey GA, Kitch D, Daar ES, et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: Aids Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1791. Earle KE, Seneviratne T, Shaker J, Shoback D. Fanconi's syndrome in HIV+ adults: report of three cases and literature review. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:714. Perrot S, Aslangul E, Szwebel T, et al. Bone pain due to fractures revealing osteomalacia related to tenofovir-induced proximal renal tubular dysfunction in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. J Clin Rheumatol 2009; 15:72. Tebas P, Powderly WG, Claxton S, et al. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000; 14:F63. Arnsten JH, Freeman R, Howard AA, et al. Decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in aging men with or at risk for HIV infection. AIDS 2007; 21:617.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f31_35_32313

Perrot S, Aslangul E, Szwebel T, et al. Bone pain due to fractures revealing osteomalacia related to tenofovir-induced proximal renal tubular dysfunction in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. J Clin Rheumatol 2009; 15:72. Tebas P, Powderly WG, Claxton S, et al. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000; 14:F63. Arnsten JH, Freeman R, Howard AA, et al. Decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in aging men with or at risk for HIV infection. AIDS 2007; 21:617. Mondy K, Yarasheski K, Powderly WG, et al. Longitudinal evolution of bone mineral density and bone markers in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:482. Nolan D, Upton R, McKinnon E, et al. Stable or increasing bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients treated with nelfinavir or indinavir. AIDS 2001; 15:1275. Dubé MP, Qian D, Edmondson-Melançon H, et al. Prospective, intensive study of metabolic changes associated with 48 weeks of amprenavir-based antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:475. Bruera D, Luna N, David DO, et al. Decreased bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients is independent of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003; 17:1917. Pedrazzoni M, Vescovi PP, Maninetti L, et al. Effects of chronic heroin abuse on bone and mineral metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993; 129:42. Kühne CA, Heufelder AE, Hofbauer LC. Bone and mineral metabolism in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:2. Aukrust P, Haug CJ, Ueland T, et al. Decreased bone formative and enhanced resorptive markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection: indication of normalization of the bone-remodeling process during highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:145. Hellman P, Albert J, Gidlund M, et al. Impaired parathyroid hormone release in human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:391. Jaeger P, Otto S, Speck RF, et al. Altered parathyroid gland function in severely immunocompromised patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:1701. Havens PL, Stephensen CB, Hazra R, et al. Vitamin D3 decreases parathyroid hormone in HIV-infected youth being treated with tenofovir: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1013.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f31_35_32313

Jaeger P, Otto S, Speck RF, et al. Altered parathyroid gland function in severely immunocompromised patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:1701. Havens PL, Stephensen CB, Hazra R, et al. Vitamin D3 decreases parathyroid hormone in HIV-infected youth being treated with tenofovir: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1013. Ferrand RA, Elgalib A, Newsholme W, et al. Hypercalcaemia complicating immune reconstitution in an HIV-infected patient with disseminated tuberculosis. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17:349. Lawn SD, Macallan DC. Hypercalcemia: a manifestation of immune reconstitution complicating tuberculosis in an HIV-infected person. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:154. Playford EG, Bansal AS, Looke DF, et al. Hypercalcaemia and elevated 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels associated with disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. J Infect 2001; 42:157. Jenny-Avital ER, Abadi M. Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:e128. Ferrand RA, Cartledge JD, Connolly J, et al. Immune reconstitution sarcoidosis presenting with hypercalcaemia and renal failure in HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18:138. Kuehn EW, Anders HJ, Bogner JR, et al. Hypocalcaemia in HIV infection and AIDS. J Intern Med 1999; 245:69. McComsey GA, Tebas P, Shane E, et al. Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:937. Aberg JA, Kaplan JE, Libman H, et al. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: 2009 update by the HIV medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:651. Brown TT, McComsey GA. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with HIV: a review of current concepts. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2006; 8:162. García Aparicio AM, Muñoz Fernández S, González J, et al. Abnormalities in the bone mineral metabolism in HIV-infected patients. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25:537. Van Den Bout-Van Den Beukel CJ, Fievez L, Michels M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency among HIV type 1-infected individuals in the Netherlands: effects of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1375. Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3rd. Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1676.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f31_35_32313

García Aparicio AM, Muñoz Fernández S, González J, et al. Abnormalities in the bone mineral metabolism in HIV-infected patients. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25:537. Van Den Bout-Van Den Beukel CJ, Fievez L, Michels M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency among HIV type 1-infected individuals in the Netherlands: effects of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1375. Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3rd. Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1676. Calmy A, Fux CA, Norris R, et al. Low bone mineral density, renal dysfunction, and fracture risk in HIV infection: a cross-sectional study. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1746. Schambelan M, Benson CA, Carr A, et al. Management of metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31:257. Mondy K, Powderly WG, Claxton SA, et al. Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium for the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:426. Guaraldi G, Orlando G, Madeddu G, et al. Alendronate reduces bone resorption in HIV-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis. HIV Clin Trials 2004; 5:269. Negredo E, Martínez-López E, Paredes R, et al. Reversal of HIV-1-associated osteoporosis with once-weekly alendronate. AIDS 2005; 19:343. McComsey GA, Kendall MA, Tebas P, et al. Alendronate with calcium and vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective for the treatment of decreased bone mineral density in HIV. AIDS 2007; 21:2473. Huang J, Meixner L, Fernandez S, McCutchan JA. A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of zoledronate therapy for HIV-associated osteopenia and osteoporosis. AIDS 2009; 23:51. Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Horne AM, et al. Annual zoledronate increases bone density in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1283. Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Horne AM, et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronate on bone turnover and BMD persist for at least 24 months. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1304. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Institute of Medicine Consensus Report. Released November 30, 2010.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f31_35_32313

Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Horne AM, et al. Annual zoledronate increases bone density in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1283. Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Horne AM, et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronate on bone turnover and BMD persist for at least 24 months. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1304. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Institute of Medicine Consensus Report. Released November 30, 2010. Tebas P, Yarasheski K, Henry K, et al. Evaluation of the virological and metabolic effects of switching protease inhibitor combination antiretroviral therapy to nevirapine-based therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:589. Miller KD, Masur H, Jones EC, et al. High prevalence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in HIV-infected adults. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:17. Topic 3738 Version 11.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0603-61.234.146.186-EBC78AF0D7-S244013.14]