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van der Werf TS, Stinear T, Stienstra Y, et al. Mycolactones and Mycobacterium ulcerans disease. Lancet 2003; 362:1062. Benowitz AB, Fidanze S, Small PL, Kishi Y. Stereochemistry of the core structure of the mycolactones. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:5128. Fidanze S, Song F, Szlosek-Pinaud M, et al. Complete structure of the mycolactones. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:10117. Song F, Fidanze S, Benowitz AB, Kishi Y. Total synthesis of the mycolactones. Org Lett 2002; 4:647. van Summeren RP, Feringa BL, Minnaard AJ. New approaches towards the synthesis of the side-chain of mycolactones A and B. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2524. Judd TC, Bischoff A, Kishi Y, et al. Structure determination of mycolactone C via total synthesis. Org Lett 2004; 6:4901. Mve-Obiang A, Lee RE, Portaels F, Small PL. Heterogeneity of mycolactones produced by clinical isolates of Mycobacterium ulcerans: implications for virulence. Infect Immun 2003; 71:774. Evans MR, Thangaraj HS, Wansbrough-Jones MH. Buruli ulcer. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13:109. Huygen K, Adjei O, Affolabi D, et al. Buruli ulcer disease: prospects for a vaccine. Med Microbiol Immunol 2009; 198:69. Hospers IC, Wiersma IC, Dijkstra PU, et al. Distribution of Buruli ulcer lesions over body surface area in a large case series in Ghana: uncovering clues for mode of transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99:196. Noeske J, Kuaban C, Rondini S, et al. Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon rediscovered. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70:520. Portaels F, Aguiar J, Debacker M, et al. Prophylactic effect of mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination against osteomyelitis in children with Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli Ulcer). Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9:1389. Pszolla N, Sarkar MR, Strecker W, et al. Buruli ulcer: a systemic disease. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:e78. Bafende AE, Lukanu NP, Numbi AN. Buruli ulcer in an AIDS patient. S Afr Med J 2002; 92:437. Johnson RC, Ifebe D, Hans-Moevi A, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in an HIV-positive patient: a case study. AIDS 2002; 16:1704. Scott JT, Johnson RC, Aguiar J, et al. Schistosoma haematobium infection and Buruli ulcer. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:551. Stienstra Y, van der Werf TS, van der Graaf WT, et al. Buruli ulcer and schistosomiasis: no association found. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71:318.

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Fyfe JA, Lavender CJ, Johnson PD, et al. Development and application of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:4733. Cassisa V, Chauty A, Marion E, et al. Use of fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2263. Yeboah-Manu D, Danso E, Ampah K, et al. Isolation of Mycobacterium ulcerans from swab and fine-needle-aspiration specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1997. Eddyani M, Fraga AG, Schmitt F, et al. Fine-needle aspiration, an efficient sampling technique for bacteriological diagnosis of nonulcerative Buruli ulcer. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1700. Phillips RO, Sarfo FS, Osei-Sarpong F, et al. Sensitivity of PCR targeting Mycobacterium ulcerans by use of fine-needle aspirates for diagnosis of Buruli ulcer. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:924. Nienhuis WA, Stienstra Y, Thompson WA, et al. Antimicrobial treatment for early, limited Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375:664. O'Brien DP, Hughes AJ, Cheng AC, et al. Outcomes for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection with combined surgery and antibiotic therapy: findings from a south-eastern Australian case series. Med J Aust 2007; 186:58. WHO. Provisional guidance on the role of specific antibiotics in the management of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease. Clinical features and treatment of pre-ulcerative Buruli lesions (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection). Report II of the Uganda Buruli Group. Br Med J 1970; 2:390. Amofah G, Asamoah S, Afram-Gyening C. Effectiveness of excision of pre-ulcerative Buruli lesions in field situations in a rural district in Ghana. Trop Doct 1998; 28:81. Debacker M, Aguiar J, Steunou C, et al. Buruli ulcer recurrence, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:584. Rondini S, Mensah-Quainoo E, Troll H, et al. Development and application of real-time PCR assay for quantification of Mycobacterium ulcerans DNA. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:4231. Chauty A. Treatment of Buruli ulcer with the commbination rifampicin and streptomycin in Benin. 8th WHO Advisory Group Meeting on Buruli ulcer; Geneva, Switzerland; Mar 14-17, 2005. Chauty A, Ardant MF, Adeye A, et al. Promising clinical efficacy of streptomycin-rifampin combination for treatment of buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4029.

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