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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_63_31736

REFERENCES Eisenberg MJ, Brox A, Bestawros AN. Calcium channel blockers: an update. Am J Med 2004; 116:35. Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC Jr, et al. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21:353. Katz AM. Cardiac ion channels. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1244. Hofer CA, Smith JK, Tenholder MF. Verapamil intoxication: a literature review of overdoses and discussion of therapeutic options. Am J Med 1993; 95:431. McAllister RG Jr, Hamann SR, Blouin RA. Pharmacokinetics of calcium-entry blockers. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55:30B. Sporer KA, Khayam-Bashi H. Acetaminophen and salicylate serum levels in patients with suicidal ingestion or altered mental status. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14:443. Spurlock BW, Virani NA, Henry CA. Verapamil overdose. West J Med 1991; 154:208. Levine M, Boyer EW, Pozner CN, et al. Assessment of hyperglycemia after calcium channel blocker overdoses involving diltiazem or verapamil. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2071. Ashraf M, Chaudhary K, Nelson J, Thompson W. Massive overdose of sustained-release verapamil: a case report and review of literature. Am J Med Sci 1995; 310:258. Thompson AM, Robins JB, Prescott LF. Changes in cardiorespiratory function during gastric lavage for drug overdose. Hum Toxicol 1987; 6:215. Position paper: whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:843. Tenenbein M. Position statement: whole bowel irrigation. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35:753. Tenenbein M, Cohen S, Sitar DS. Whole bowel irrigation as a decontamination procedure after acute drug overdose. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:905. Proano L, Chiang WK, Wang RY. Calcium channel blocker overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:444. Kerns W 2nd, Kline J, Ford MD. Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994; 12:365. Isbister GK. Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:355. Lam YM, Tse HF, Lau CP. Continuous calcium chloride infusion for massive nifedipine overdose. Chest 2001; 119:1280. DeRoos F. Calcium channel blockers. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th, McGraw-Hill, New York 2006.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_63_31736

Isbister GK. Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:355. Lam YM, Tse HF, Lau CP. Continuous calcium chloride infusion for massive nifedipine overdose. Chest 2001; 119:1280. DeRoos F. Calcium channel blockers. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th, McGraw-Hill, New York 2006. Sim MT, Stevenson FT. A fatal case of iatrogenic hypercalcemia after calcium channel blocker overdose. J Med Toxicol 2008; 4:25. Bailey B. Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41:595. Mahr NC, Valdes A, Lamas G. Use of glucagon for acute intravenous diltiazem toxicity. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:1570. Walter FG, Frye G, Mullen JT, et al. Amelioration of nifedipine poisoning associated with glucagon therapy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1234. Doyon S, Roberts JR. The use of glucagon in a case of calcium channel blocker overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1229. Kline JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schroeder JD, Raymond RM. Insulin is a superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267:744. Boyer EW, Shannon M. Treatment of calcium-channel-blocker intoxication with insulin infusion. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1721. Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM, et al. Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:2019. Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: a review. Am J Crit Care 2007; 16:498. Kline JA, Leonova E, Raymond RM. Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1251. Kline JA, Raymond RM, Schroeder JD, Watts JA. The diabetogenic effects of acute verapamil poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:357. Bechtel LK, Haverstick DM, Holstege CP. Verapamil toxicity dysregulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15:368. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, et al. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:1.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_63_31736

Kline JA, Raymond RM, Schroeder JD, Watts JA. The diabetogenic effects of acute verapamil poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:357. Bechtel LK, Haverstick DM, Holstege CP. Verapamil toxicity dysregulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15:368. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, et al. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:1. Young AC, Velez LI, Kleinschmidt KC. Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional sustained-release verapamil overdose. Resuscitation 2009; 80:591. Sirianni AJ, Osterhoudt KC, Calello DP, et al. Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med 2008; 51:412. Gueret G, Pennec JP, Arvieux CC. Hemodynamic effects of intralipid after verapamil intoxication may be due to a direct effect of fatty acids on myocardial calcium channels. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14:761. Grunbaum AM, Gilfix BM, Gosselin S, Blank DW. Analytical interferences resulting from intravenous lipid emulsion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:812. Wolf LR, Spadafora MP, Otten EJ. Use of amrinone and glucagon in a case of calcium channel blocker overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1225. Varpula T, Rapola J, Sallisalmi M, Kurola J. Treatment of serious calcium channel blocker overdose with levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:790. Kurola J, Leppikangas H, Magga J, et al. Effect of levosimendan in experimental verapamil-induced myocardial depression. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2010; 18:12. Abraham MK, Scott SB, Meltzer A, Barrueto F Jr. Levosimendan does not improve survival time in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. J Med Toxicol 2009; 5:3. Osthoff M, Bernsmeier C, Marsch SC, Hunziker PR. Levosimendan as treatment option in severe verapamil intoxication: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Med 2010; 2010. Graudins A, Wong KK. Comparative hemodynamic effects of levosimendan alone and in conjunction with 4-aminopyridine or calcium chloride in a rodent model of severe verapamil poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:85. Salhanick SD, Shannon MW. Management of calcium channel antagonist overdose. Drug Saf 2003; 26:65.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_63_31736

Osthoff M, Bernsmeier C, Marsch SC, Hunziker PR. Levosimendan as treatment option in severe verapamil intoxication: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Med 2010; 2010. Graudins A, Wong KK. Comparative hemodynamic effects of levosimendan alone and in conjunction with 4-aminopyridine or calcium chloride in a rodent model of severe verapamil poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:85. Salhanick SD, Shannon MW. Management of calcium channel antagonist overdose. Drug Saf 2003; 26:65. Frierson J, Bailly D, Shultz T, et al. Refractory cardiogenic shock and complete heart block after unsuspected verapamil-SR and atenolol overdose. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14:933. Holzer M, Sterz F, Schoerkhuber W, et al. Successful resuscitation of a verapamil-intoxicated patient with percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2818. Durward A, Guerguerian AM, Lefebvre M, Shemie SD. Massive diltiazem overdose treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003; 4:372. Babatasi G, Massetti M, Verrier V, et al. [Severe intoxication with cardiotoxic drugs: value of emergency percutaneous cardiocirculatory assistance]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2001; 94:1386. Hendren WG, Schieber RS, Garrettson LK. Extracorporeal bypass for the treatment of verapamil poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:984. Topic 331 Version 13.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0604-122.96.59.103-C3E2CEE167-S244013.14]